Planning for Wind Energy Resource List

Planning and Regulating

American Planning Association. 2008. Planning and Zoning for Renewable Energy. Planning Advisory Service Essential Info Packet 18. Available at: www.planning.org/pas/infopackets/subscribers/pdf/EIP18.pdf.
• A compilation of information on renewable energy that includes articles, model ordinances, and local ordinances for wind energy.

American Planning Association. 2008. Permitting and Standards for Wind Power. Audio-web conference CD-ROM. Faculty: Erica Heller, AICP, Clarion Associates of Colorado, and Ron Stimmel, American Wind Energy Association. Available at: www.planning.org/apastore/Search/Default.aspx?p=3889.
• CD-ROM includes an audio recording, program transcript, and PowerPoint presentation from the national conference session.

American Planning Association. 2009. Renewable Local Energy. Webinar CD-ROM. Faculty: Gary Feldman, City of Berkeley, CA; Erica Heller, AICP, Clarion Associates of Colorado; Roger Taylor, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Suzanne Rynne, AICIP, American Planning Association (moderator). Available at: www.planning.org/apastore/Search/Default.aspx?p=3936.
• Webinar addresses how communities can encourage development of renewable energy infrastructure through plans and land use regulations.

Andrews, C.J. 2008. "Energy Conversion Goes Local: Implications for Planners." Journal of the American Planning Association 74(2): 231-254.
• Andrews proposes a new conceptual framework for energy planning, which he claims will allow planners to better address a multitude of issues in this area of planning.

* Andriano, J.R. 2009. "The Power of Wind: Current Legal Issues in Siting for Wind Power." Planning and Environmental Law 61(5).
• Article discusses the legal perspective on many wind-related issues, including writing ordinances for wind energy, enacting moratoria on wind development, and addressing aesthetic and environmental impacts.

Best, A. 2010. "Transmission Boost." Planning. February.
• Best discusses the implications that wind power and other alternative energy sources have for the nation's transmission grid.

* Davis, A., J. Rogers and P. Frumhoff. 2008. "Putting Wind to Work." Planning. October.
• Article gives a general overview of the state of wind energy in the US.

Duerksen, C., et al. 2007, revised February 16, 2010. Sustainable Community Development Code. Beta Version 1.2. Section 8.1. Renewable Energy: Wind (small- and large-scale). Available at: http://law.du.edu/index.php/rmlui/program/sustainable-community-development-code-framework.
• Model code presents strategies to remove obstacles, create incentives, and enact standards to encourage wind energy system development.

Green, J., and M. Sagrillo. 2005. "Zoning for Distributed Wind Power – Breaking Down Barriers." National Renewable Energy Laboratory Conference Paper 500-38167. Available at: www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/15020001-sqRSMh/.
• Authors address the challenges that multilevel, conflicting, or overlapping land-use regulations present for widespread implementation of distributed wind energy systems.

* Heller, E. 2008. "Urban Wind Turbines." Zoning Practice. July.
• An overview of some of the issues to take into account when drafting a zoning ordinance for small wind turbines. Author specifically focuses on urban communities.

* Heller, E. 2008. Wind and Solar Production and the Sustainable Development Code. The Rocky Mountain Land Use Institute Sustainable Community Development Code Research Monologue Series: Energy. Denver, CO: Rocky Mountain Land Use Institute. PDF at: http://law.du.edu/images/uploads/rmlui/rmlui-sustainable-SolarWind.pdf.
• Provides a summary of wind and solar energy technology.
• Discusses impediments to implementation of wind and solar energy systems and how local governments and planners might overcome these obstacles.

Homsy, G. 2007. "Earth, Wind, and Fire." Planning. August/September.
• Discusses barriers to the development of alternative energy sources.

* Merriam, D. 2009. "Regulating Backyard Wind Turbines." Vermont Journal of Environmental Law 10(2): 291-311.
• Discusses ways in which local governments may need to regulate small wind energy systems. Includes sample ordinance language.

Mills, A., R. Wiser and K. Porter. 2009. The Cost of Transmission for Wind Energy: A Review of Transmission Planning Studies. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Available at: http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/emp/reports/lbnl-1471e.pdf.
• Detailed report that examines 40 transmission planning studies and draws some conclusions about the costs of expanding the transmission grid to accommodate expanded wind energy development.

National Wind Coordinating Committee. 2005. Technical Considerations in Siting Wind Developments. NWCC Research Meeting, December 1-2. Available at: www.nationalwind.org/assets/blog/FINAL_Proceedings.pdf.
• Summarizes the proceedings at a 2005 NWCC research meeting, which focused on wind turbine siting practices and their environmental impacts.

National Wind Coordinating Committee. 2005. Wind Power Facility Siting Case Studies: Community Response. Available at: www.nationalwind.org/asset.aspx?AssetId=467.
• A compilation of case studies that examine the development process of nine wind energy projects. Authors pay particular attention to the level of community acceptance received by the projects, and the evolution of community perceptions during the development process.

National Wind Coordinating Committee. 2009. State of the Art in Wind Siting: A Seminar. Meeting Proceedings, October 20-21. Available at: www.nationalwind.org/asset.aspx?AssetId=479.
• Technical information on several topics in wind siting, including visual impacts, acoustic impacts, radar interference, property values, and icing.

Guidelines and Toolkits

* American Wind Energy Association. "Small Wind Toolbox: Promote Streamlined Zoning and Permitting Procedures." Available at: www.awea.org/smallwind/toolbox/IMPROVE/zoning.asp.
• Discusses zoning for small wind energy systems. Includes the AWEA model small wind ordinance, links to several ordinances, and a do's and don'ts table for developing such an ordinance.

American Wind Energy Association. 2008. In the Public Interest: How and Why to Permit for Small Wind Systems. A Guide for State and Local Governments. Available at: www.awea.org/documents/InThePublicInterest.pdf.
• Overview of issues related to permitting wind conversion systems within municipalities.
• Discusses best practices for zoning for wind systems and includes a model wind ordinance.

American Wind Energy Association. 2008. Policies to Promote Small Wind Turbines: A Menu for State and Local Governments. Available at: www.awea.org/documents/Policies_to_Promote_Small_Wind_Turbines.pdf.
• Presents a series of policies that local governments can use to increase the use of wind turbines in their communities.

American Wind Energy Association. 2008. Wind Energy Siting Handbook. Available at: www.awea.org/sitinghandbook/download_center.html.
• A guidebook for developers of large-scale wind energy projects that addresses the environmental aspects of siting.

Asmus, P., et al. 2003. Permitting Small Wind Turbines: A Handbook – Learning from the California Experience. American Wind Energy Association, September. Available at: www.consumerenergycenter.org/erprebate/documents/awea_permitting_small_wind.pdf.
• Handbook provides an overview of small wind energy systems; information on the installation process; permitting small wind systems under CA regulations; a model ordinance; and a resource and reference list.

Environmental Law & Policy Center. 2004. Community Wind Financing. Available at: www.elpc.org/documents/WindHandbook2004.pdf.
• Guidebook discusses financing mechanisms for community wind projects.  Authors address debt and equity sources, federal and state programs/incentives for wind energy, tax structures and more.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2006. Wind Energy Guide for County Commissioners. Available at: www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/40403.pdf.
• A guide on the development and implementation of utility-scale wind projects (greater than 600 kW), with particular emphasis on information relevant to county commissioners and other county-level officials.

National Wind Coordinating Committee. 2002. Permitting of Wind Energy Facilities: A Handbook. Available at: www.nationalwind.org/assets/publications/permitting2002.pdf.
• Discusses elements of the permitting process, with information on both the overall structure of the process and specific strategies.  Includes several case studies.

Wiedman, J. 2010. "Community Renewables: Model Program Rules." Interstate Renewable Energy Council. Available at: http://irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/IREC-Community-Renewables-Report-11-16-10_FINAL.pdf.
• Recently drafted guidelines that address administrative and operating issues for community-owned renewable energy projects.

Windustry. "Community Wind Toolbox." Available at: www.windustry.org/CommunityWindToolbox.
• A comprehensive guide to planning and implementing a community wind project.

Windustry. 2007. "Wind Project Calculator." Available at: www.windustry.org/your-wind-project/community-wind/community-wind-toolbox/chapter-3-project-planning-and-management/wi.
• An Excel template of a pro forma to help would-be wind energy developers calculate costs and returns of specific projects. Includes links to other financial calculators.

Impacts of Wind Energy/Wind Turbines

Alberts, D.J. 2006. A Primer for Addressing Wind Turbine Noise. Lawrence Technological University. Available at: www.ltu.edu/cm/attach/165D79C3-DD14-41EC-8A7F-CFA2D0C272DE/AddressingWindTurbineNoise.pdf.
• Detailed examination of sound produced by wind turbines, its impact, and the various ways to regulate it.

American Wind Energy Association and Canadian Wind Energy Association. 2009. Wind Turbine Sound and Health Effects: An Expert Panel Review. Available at: www.awea.org/newsroom/releases/AWEA_CanWEA_SoundWhitePaper_12-11-09.pdf.
• A technical discussion of noise impacts of wind turbines.

Hoen, B., et al. 2009. The Impact of Wind Power Projects on Residential Property Values in the United States: A Multi-Site Hedonic Analysis. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Environmental Energy Technologies Division. Available at: http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/ems/reports/lbnl-2829e.pdf.
• A study of the effects of wind turbines upon property values.  Authors found no widespread property value impacts resulting from the presence of wind turbines.

Rogers, A.L., J.F. Manwell and S.Wright. 2006. Wind Turbine Acoustic Noise. White paper. Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Available at: www.ceere.org/rerl/publications/whitepapers/Wind_Turbine_Acoustic_Noise_Rev2006.pdf.
• Detailed paper on the amount and nature of sound generated by wind turbines.

United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. "Wind Energy Development Programmatic EIS." Available at: http://windeis.anl.gov/index.cfm.
• Materials related to the BLM's assessment of the environmental impacts of wind energy projects on BLM-owned lands in the Western United States.

Wind Turbine Guidelines Advisory Committee (Federal Advisory Committee). 2010. Wind Turbine Advisory Committee Recommendations. Available at: www.fws.gov/habitatconservation/windpower/Wind_Turbine_Guidelines_Advisory_Committee_Recommendations_Secretary.pdf.
• The recently updated version of the US Fish and Wildlife Service guidelines for wind energy development.  Includes a section on policy recommendations as well as specific guidelines.

Model Wind Energy Ordinances

Iowa League of Cities. 2010. Small Wind Innovation Zone Model Ordinance.  Available at: www.iowaleague.org/downloads/resources/QandA/2010/SmallWindInnovationZoneModelOrdinance-FinalCommitteeVersionasof3-04-10.doc.
• Recently drafted model ordinance for Iowa communities.

Lawton, C. 2002. Commercial Wind Energy Facility and Wind Access Model Ordinance. Town of Barton, Washington County, Wisconsin. Available at: www.wind-watch.org/documents/wp-content/uploads/wind-energy-model-ord.doc.
• Discussion of commercial wind energy facility siting ordinance issues; provides ordinance framework.

Maine State Planning Office. 2009. "Model Wind Energy Facility Ordinance." Available at: www.maine.gov/spo/landuse/docs/ModelWindEnergyFacilityOrdinance.pdf.
• Detailed model ordinance for wind energy facilities.  Includes definitions for different types of wind energy facilities based on output.

Massachusetts Division of Energy Resources and Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. "Model Amendment to a Zoning Ordinance or By-law: Small Wind Energy Systems." Available at: www.mass.gov/Eoca/docs/doer/renew/model-allow-wind-small.pdf.
• Concise model small wind systems ordinance to provide guidance to cities and towns.

Massachusetts Division of Energy Resources, State of. 2008. "Companion Document to Model Amendment to a Zoning Ordinance or By-law: Allowing Wind Facilities by Special Permit." Available at: www.mass.gov/Eoca/docs/doer/renew/allow-wind-by-permit-companion.pdf.
• Includes model development standards for utility-scale and on-site projects.

Minnesota, State of. 2005. "Model Wind Ordinance." Available at: www.cleanenergyresourceteams.org/files/2005_model_wind_ordinance.pdf.
• Companion document available at: www.cleanenergyresourceteams.org/files/2005_model_wind_ordinance_comp.pdf.

New York Energy Research & Development Authority, State of. 2005. Wind Energy Model Ordinance Options. Available at: www.powernaturally.org/programs/wind/toolkit/2_windenergymodel.pdf.
• Provides samples of ordinance language for writing large wind energy system ordinances.

North Carolina Wind Working Group.  2008.  Model Wind Ordinance for Wind Energy Facilities in North Carolina.  Available at: www.ncsc.ncsu.edu/wind/wwg/publications/NC_Model_Wind_Ordinance_June_2008_FINAL.pdf.
• Model ordinance with provisions for small, medium and large wind energy facilities.

Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Energy and Technology Development. 2006. "Model Wind Ordinance for Local Governments." Available at: www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/wind/10408.
• Provides 3 model ordinances: amendments to an existing zoning code, subdivision/land development regulations for wind energy systems, and a free-standing ordinance.

South Dakota Public Utilities Commission. 2008. Draft Model Ordinance for Siting of Wind Energy Systems (WES). Available at: http://puc.sd.gov/commission/twg/WindEnergyOrdinance.pdf.
• Model ordinance for Large Wind Energy Systems.

Local Wind Energy Ordinances

Oteri, F. 2008. An Overview of Existing Wind Energy Ordinances. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report NREL/TP-500-44439. Available at: www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/44439.pdf,
• Includes summary and analysis of ordinances from Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Wisconsin and Utah.

US Department of Energy.  Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy.  Wind Powering America.  "Wind Energy Ordinances." Available at: www.windpoweringamerica.gov/policy/ordinances.asp.
• A database of over 70 local wind energy ordinances from communities across the country.

Alaska

Unalaska (Alaska), City of. 2009. Code of Ordinances. Title 8, Chapter 18.12. Section 8.12.170(Q). Small Wind Energy System. Title 17, Chapter 17.36. Wind Energy System.

Arizona

Bullhead City (Arizona), City of. 2010. Municipal Code. Title 17, Zoning. Chapter 17.39. Alternative Energy Systems. Section 17.39.040. General Regulations – Vertical-Axis Systems.

Coconino (Arizona), County of. 2007. Coconino County Zoning Ordinance. Section 14. Special Uses. 14.8. Accessory Wind Energy Systems.

California

Apple Valley (California), Town of. 2010. Development Code. Chapter 9.78. Wind energy Conversion Systems (WECS).

Kern (California), County. 2010. Zoning Ordinance. Chapter 19.64. Wind Energy (WE) Combining District.

Lancaster (California), City of. 2010. Municipal Code. Title 17. Chapter 17.40. Article XI. Wind Energy Conversion Systems.

Monterey (California), County of. 2010. Monterey County Zoning Ordinance. Title 21. Zoning. Chapter 21.64. Special Regulations. 21.64.120. Regulations for commercial and noncommercial wind energy conversion systems.

Murrieta (California), City of. 2010. Municipal Code. Title 16. Development Code. 16.44. Standards for Specific Land Use. 16.44.220. Non-commercial wind energy conversion systems.

Palm Springs (California), City of. 2010. Municipal Code. Title 11. Peace, Morals and Safety. Chapter 11.74. Noise Ordinance. Section 11.74.044. Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). See also: Zoning Code. Chapter 94.00. Procedures. Section 94.02.00H(8). Conditional Use Permit - Commercial Wind Energy Conversion Systems.

Riverside (California), County of. 2010. Riverside County Code. Title 17. Zoning. Chapter 17.224. Commercial Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) Permits. See also: Chapter 17.164. W-E Wind Energy Resource Zone.

Rohnert Park (California), City of. 2010. Municipal Code of Rohnert Park. Title 17. Zoning. Chapter 17.070. Land Use Footnotes/Special Provisions. (BB) Small Wind Energy Systems.

San Diego (California), County of. 2010. Zoning Ordinance. Part 6. General Provisions. Section 6951. Wind Turbine System, Large.

Woodland (California), City of. 2010. Code. Chapter 25. Zoning Ordinance. Article 21. Special Provisions. Section 25-21-20. Alternate Energy Sources.

Connecticut

Avon (Connecticut), Town of. 2010. Charter, Ordinances and Selected Regulations. Appendix D. Zoning. Section IV. Residential and Rural Zones. 4. Special exceptions. (u). Small wind energy system (windmill).

Florida

Port Orange (Florida), City of. 2010. Land Development Code. Chapter 16. Miscellaneous Regulations. Section 7. Renewable energy systems.

Georgia

Floyd (Georgia), County of. 2010. Code of Ordinances. Appendix B. Unified Land Development Code. Article 4. Restrictions Regarding Particular Uses. 4.2.13. Small wind energy systems.

Idaho

Hailey (Idaho), City of. 2009. Hailey Ordinance No. 1043. An Ordinance of the City of Hailey, Idaho, Amending Article 6A of Hailey's Zoning Ordinance…To Exclude Small Scale Wind Energy Systems from Rooftop Screening Requirements…

Jefferson (Idaho), County of. 2008. Wind Energy Ordinance.

Illinois

Belvidere (Illinois), City of. 2010. Code of Ordinances. Chapter 150, Article 7, Sec. 150.714 Wind Energy System Standards.

Chicago (Illinois), City of. 2010. Zoning Ordinance. Section 17-17-0311-B(4). Limitations on Rooftop Features in R Districts.

Schaumburg (Illinois), Village of. 2010. Village Code. Title 15. Land Usage. Chapter 154. Zoning. Special Uses. 154.90.02. Wind Energy Conversion Systems.

Iowa

Mason (Iowa), City of. 2010. Zoning Ordinance. Chapter 12-17. Wind Energy Conversion Systems.

Kansas

Hays (Kansas), City of. 2009. Code of Ordinances. Chapter 71. Zoning. Article X. Wind Energy Conversion Systems.

Saline (Kansas), County of. 2009. Code. Appendix A. Zoning and Master Plan Resolution. Part 1. Zoning Resolution. Article XII. General Provisions. Section 12.12. Private wind energy conversion systems. Section 12.13. Commercial wind energy conversion systems.

Topeka (Kansas), City of. 2010. Topeka Municipal Code. Title 18. Comprehensive Plan – Signs – Subdivisions – Zoning. Chapter 18.265. Wind Energy.

Maine

Biddeford (Maine), City of. 2008. Revised Code of Ordinances. Part III. Land Development Regulations. Article VI. Performance Standards. Section 75. Small Wind Energy Systems.

Cape Elizabeth (Maine), Town of. 2009. Chapter 19. Zoning Ordinance.
• Wind energy systems referenced on a district-by-district basis.

Eliot (Maine), Town of. 2010. Municipal Code of Ordinances. Chapter 45. Zoning. Article IX. Standards for Specific Activities. Sec. 45-461. Small wind energy systems.

Saco (Maine), City of. 2009. Zoning Ordinance. Article 7. Standards of Performance. Section 730. Small Wind Energy Systems.

Massachusetts

Barnstable (Massachusetts), Town of. 2008. Code. Chapter 240. Zoning. Article V. Accessory Uses. Section 240-44.1. Land-based wind energy conversion facilities (WECFs).

Brewster (Massachusetts), Town of. 2010. Code of the Town of Brewster, Massachusetts. Part II. General Legislation. Chapter 179. Zoning. Article IX. Special Regulations. 179-40.2. Wind energy turbines.

Gloucester (Massachusetts), City of. 2008. Zoning Ordinance. Section II. Use Regulations. Table 2.3.7. Accessory Uses. Section 5.23. Residential Land-Based Wind Energy Conversion Facilities.

Scituate (Massachusetts), Town of. 2010. Zoning Bylaws. Section 740. Wind Energy Conversion System.

Worcester (Massachusetts), City of. 2010. Zoning Ordinance. Article IV. Use Regulations. Section 13. Wind Energy Conversion Facilities.

Michigan

Grand Haven (Michigan), Charter Township of. 2009. Code of Ordinances. 15.0000. Zoning. 15.1900. Special Land Uses. 47. Medium Wind Energy Conversion Turbines.

Grand Rapids (Michigan), City of. 2009. City Code. Title V. Zoning and Planning. Chapter 61. Zoning Ordinances. Article 11. Landscaping and Environmental Protections. Section 5.11.14. Alternative Energy.

Huron (Michigan), County of. 2009. Zoning Ordinance of Huron County. Article X. Huron County Wind Energy Conversion Facility Overlay Zoning.

Laketown (Michigan), Township of. 2010. Code of Ordinances. Chapter 38. Zoning. Article IX. Wind Energy Conversion Systems.

Norton Shores (Michigan), City of. 2010. Code of Ordinances. Chapter 48. Zoning. Article XIV. Wind Turbines and Wind Energy Facilities.

Thomas (Michigan), Township of. 2010. Code of Thomas Township. Title 10. Zoning. Chapter 2. General Requirements. Section 10-2-2(R). Supplementary Regulations – Wind Energy System.

Troy (Michigan), City of. 2008. Zoning Ordinance. Section 32.40.00. Wind Systems and Associated Structures.

Walker (Michigan), City of. 2010. Code of Ordinances. Chapter 94, Zoning. Article XIX. Sustainable Energy.

Minnesota

Brainerd (Minnesota), City of. 2009. Zoning Ordinance. Section 512-34. Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS).

Chippewa (Minnesota), County of. 2005. Zoning Ordinance. Section 12. Windpower Management.

Fairmont (Minnesota), City of. 2008. Code of City of Fairmont, Minnesota. Chapter 26. Zoning. Article V. Special Development Regulations. Division 5. Wind Energy Conversion Systems.

Minneapolis (Minnesota), City of. 2010. Minneapolis Code of Ordinances. Title 20. Zoning Code. Chapter 535. Regulations of General Applicability. Article X. Wind Energy Conversion Systems.

Windustry. "County Wind Ordinance Survey." Available at: www.windustry.org/county-wind-ordinance-survey.
• Clearinghouse of wind ordinances from Minnesota counties.

Missouri

Gladstone (Missouri), City of. 2009. Code of Ordinances. Title VII. Zoning and Planning Ordinance (ZAPO). Chapter 167. Alternative Energy Systems.

North Kansas City (Missouri), City of. 2010. Code of North Kansas City. Title 17. Zoning. Chapter 17.88. Accessory Uses. 17.88.140. Wind energy conversion systems.

Nebraska

Lincoln (Nebraska), City of. Lincoln Municipal Code Book. Title 27. Zoning. Chapter 27.63. Special Permits. Section 27.63.420. Permitted Special Use: Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) Over the District Height.

Madison (Nebraska), County of. 2010. "Wind Energy Conversion Facilities: Madison County Addition to Current Zoning Regulations."

Nevada

Las Vegas (Nevada), City of. 2010. Zoning and Subdivision Laws. Title 19. Zoning Code. 19.04. Permissible Uses. Table 2 – Land Use Table, Utilities, Communications & Transportation. Small Wind Energy Systems.

New Hampshire

Conway (New Hampshire), Town of. 2009. Chapter 147-A, Small Wind Energy Systems Ordinance.

New York

Henderson (New York), Town of. 2007. Town Laws. Chapter 150. Zoning. Article IX. Wind Generation Facilities.

Lebanon (New York), Town of. 2004. WindPower Facility Application and Regulations.
• New York Energy Research & Development Authority, State of. 2004. Examples of NY Local Governmental Laws/Zoning Provisions on Wind.

North Carolina

Wautaga (North Carolina), County of. 2006. Ordinance to Regulate Wind Energy Systems.

North Dakota

Bismark (North Dakota), City of. Code of Ordinances. Title 14. Zoning. Chapter 14-03. Districts: Uses. 14-03-08. Special Uses. 4. Permanent Uses. v. Small Wind Energy Systems.

Wells (North Dakota), County of. 2009. Wells County Zoning Ordinance (WCZO). Article 12 – Wind Energy Facilities.

Ohio

Cleveland (Ohio), City of. 2009. Zoning Code Update. Chapter 354A – Wind Energy Facilities.  Effective June 12, 2009.

Oklahoma

Oklahoma City (Oklahoma), City of. 2010. Municipal Code. Chapter 59. Zoning and Planning Code. Article XII. Site Development Standards. Section 59-12200. Standards for accessory buildings, structures and uses. 12200.3(F). Private Wind Energy Conversion System.

Yukon (Oklahoma), City of. 2008. Code of Ordinances. Part II. Code of Ordinances. Chapter 18. Buildings and Building Regulations. Article VII. Wind Energy Conversion Systems.

Oregon

Lincoln City (Oregon), City of. 2009. Lincoln City Municipal Code. Title 17. Zoning. Chapter 17.80. Provisions Applying to Special Uses. 17.80.090. Small wind energy systems.

Pennsylvania

Erie (Pennsylvania), City of. 2010. Ordinance 02-2010. Wind Energy.

South Dakota

Rapid City (South Dakota), City of. 2010. Code of Ordinances. Title 17. Zoning. Chapter 17.50. Supplementary Regulations. Article II. Accessory Uses. Section 17.50.215. Wind energy conversion systems. Section 17.50.217. Vertical axis wind turbines.

Texas

McKinney (Texas), City of. 2010. Code of Ordinances. Chapter 146. Zoning Regulations. Article IV. Special Regulations. Section 146-140. Wind energy conversion system (WECS) regulations.

Rockport (Texas), City of. 2009. Code of Ordinances. Chapter 42. Environment. Article VI. Wind Powered Systems.

Weatherford (Texas), City of. 2010. Code of Ordinances. Title XII. Zoning Ordinance. Article V. Development Standards. Section 44. Supplemental regulations. 44.55. Wind energy systems.

Utah

Eagle Mountain (Utah), City of. 2010. Eagle Mountain Municipal Code. Title 17. Zoning. Chapter 17.76. Small Wind and Solar Energy Conversion Systems.

Weber (Utah) County of. 2008. Planning Staff Report: Zoning Petition #15-07 To Amend the Weber County Zoning Ordinance by Adding Small Wind Turbines as a Conditional Use in the RE-20 Zone. January 8.

Virginia

Suffolk (Virginia), City of. 2010. Unified Development Ordinance. Article 7. Supplemental Use Regulations. Section 31-722. Wind Energy.

Washington

Kittitas (Washington), County of. 2010. Kittitas County Code. Title 17. Zoning. 17.61A. Wind Farm Resource Overlay Zone. 17.61B. Small Wind Energy Systems. Also see: "Draft, NEW Section 17.61C, Community Wind Energy Systems."

Wisconsin

Antigo (Wisconsin), City of. 2010. Code of Ordinances. Chapter 14. Land Use Regulations. Article II. Zoning. Division 5. Subsection VII. Section 14-892. Wind Energy Systems.

Fontana-on-Geneva Lake (Wisconsin), Village of. 2010. Municipal Code. Chapter 79. Energy Systems. Article II. Wind Energy Systems Licensing Ordinance.

River Falls (Wisconsin), City of. 2010. Municipal Code. Title 17. Zoning. Chapter 17.108. Extraterritorial Zoning. Section 17.108.230. Small Wind Electrical Generation Towers.

Sawyer (Wisconsin), County of. 2007. Sawyer County Wind Energy System Ordinance.

Shawano (Wisconsin), County of. 2005. Wind Energy Conversion System Ordinance.

Wyoming

Douglas (Wyoming), City of. 2010. Code of Ordinances. Title 18. Zoning. Chapter 18.73. Accessory Wind Energy Systems.

Websites

American Wind Energy Association. Available at: www.awea.org/.
• Nonprofit organization that promotes and advocates for wind energy development across the U.S. Website has extensive resources on various aspects of wind energy.

Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE). 2010. Available at: www.dsireusa.org/.
• Extensive database of local, state and federal incentives and policies for renewable energy, organized on a state-by-state basis.

Interstate Renewable Energy Council. 2007. "Small Wind Energy." Available at: www.irecusa.org/irec-programs/small-wind-energy/.
• A clearinghouse of small wind news.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory. "Wind Research." www.nrel.gov/wind/.
• NREL specializes in research and development related to alternative energy and energy efficiency. The "Wind Research" page provides links to NREL's work on wind energy.

National Wind Coordinating Collaborative.  Available at: www.nationalwind.org.
• NWCC brings together wind energy stakeholders from many sectors to pursue the shared goal of promoting the US market for commercial wind energy. NWCC's website contains many resources and reports on issues affecting this goal, with particular emphasis on transmission, wildlife and siting concerns.

Salkin, Patty. 2010. "Law of the Land: A Blog on Land Use and Zoning." Archive for the "Wind Development" category. Available at: http://lawoftheland.wordpress.com/category/wind-development/.
• This portion of Salkin's blog provides commentary on and links to recent legal cases related to wind energy development.

United States Department of Energy. "Wind." Available at: www.energy.gov/energysources/wind.htm.
• This webpage contains links to the DOE's wind energy programs and research efforts.

United States Department of Energy. "Wind Powering America." Available at: www.windpoweringamerica.gov/.
• Wind Powering America is a Department of Energy initiative to substantially increase the production and use of wind energy in the US. The website contains information on Wind Powering America's varied program areas, as well as additional resources on wind energy.

United States Department of Energy. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. "Wind & Water Power Program." Available at: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/index.html.
• Website for the DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, which researches and invests in renewable energy.  This page contains information on the wind and water power program.

Windustry. Available at: www.windustry.org/.
• Windustry is a nonprofit dedicated to promoting community-developed and -owned wind energy projects. The Windustry website provides a clearinghouse of information on community wind.

* = Suggested resources