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Battery Energy Storage Systems
Zoning Practice — March 2024by: Brian Ross, AICP, Monika Vadali March 01, 2024This issue of Zoning Practice explores how stationary battery storage fits into local land-use plans and zoning regulations. It briefly summarizes the market forces and land-use issues associated with BESS development, analyzes existing regulations for these systems, and offers guidance for new regulations rooted in sound planning principles. -
Solar@Scale: A Local Government Guidebook for Improving Large-Scale Solar Development Outcomes
Third Editionby: Alexsandra Gomez, David Morley, AICP December 21, 2023This updated guidebook is designed to help local government practitioners—including planners, economic development professionals, local government managers, and elected and appointed officials—make decisions that improve large-scale solar development outcomes. It contains eight related, but semi-independent, modules covering foundational concepts and opportunities to act. -
Wait, Who Approves Large-Scale Solar Siting?
by: David Morley, AICPDetermining which agency ultimately has the authority to approve the siting of a new large-scale solar facility can be complicated. About half of all states have have established explicit limits on local siting authority, offer certain developers a way to bypass that authority, or maintain a parallel siting process. -
Ventura, CA, Municipal Code
2017The development code protects environmentally sensitive habitat areas and recommends sustainable design features, including solar readiness.San Buenaventura (Ventura), CA -
Solar Energy Standards - Urban Communities
Updated 2014by: Brian Ross, AICPThis model solar energy system ordinance with commentary for Minnesota communities addresses standards for accessory solar energy systems, provides for solar access protections, prohibits private covenants from restricting solar energy use, and offers incentives for solar energy system installations and solar access protections.Minnesota -
Renewable Energy Ordinance Framework – Solar
2015This document provides municipalities with a framework for drafting their own ordinances for small-scale accessory solar energy systems, offering a menu of sample ordinance language options to build a customized ordinance that addresses local issues.Philadelphia, PA -
Longmont, CO, Code of Ordinances
2016The city's land development code defines and regulates small-cell wireless and addresses solar, as does its mandatory green building code.Longmont, CO -
Thornton, CO, Code of Ordinances
2016The city's development code addresses wireless telecommunication facilities in the public rights-of-way and solar energy.Thornton, CO -
Rosemount, MN, City Code
2017The city's zoning code protects environmentally sensitive areas and permits various types of solar energy systems.Rosemount, MN -
Cook County, IL, Solar Map
2016by: Elevate Energy,This map displays rooftops in Cook County, Illinois, that would be suitable to host solar energy systems with rated capacities of at least 25 kW.Cook County, IL -
Plantation, FL, Code of Ordinances
2015The city's zoning code permits accessory solar energy systems and includes use-specific standards for multiple types of medical-marijuana-related uses.Plantation, FL -
Kutztown, PA, Municipal Code
2017by: Borough of Kutztown, PAThe borough's zoning code permits accessory solar energy systems in all district subject to standards; its subdivision code supports solar access considerations and design.Kutztown borough, PA -
Laurel, MD, Unified Land Development Code
2018by: City of Laurel, MDThe city's zoning ordinance permits solar energy collection panels as accessory uses in all zones and requires site plan and special exception approval for commercial systems.Laurel, MD -
Municipal Guide to Planning for and Regulating Alternative Energy Systems
2010This guidebook includes model zoning provisions and commentary for both accessory and primary-use solar energy systems.Lancaster County, PA -
Lunenburg, MA, Protective Bylaw
Amended May 2012by:The town's bylaw permits small-scale solar energy systems by right in all districts subject to standards and large-scale systems are permitted by right in the Solar Overlay District and with special permit approval in all other districts.Lunenburg town, MA -
Lindsborg, KS, City Code
2017by: City of Lindsborg, KSThe city's subdivision regulations encourage solar orientation and allow for solar skyspace easements.Lindsborg, KS -
Livingston, CA, 2025 General Plan
Adopted October 2008by:The Open Space, Conservation, and Recreation chapter of this general plan includes policies that address solar energy use.Livingston, CA -
Mapleton, UT, Municipal Code
2017by: City of Mapleton, UTThe city's zoning regulations allow roof-mounted accessory solar energy systems in all districts subject to standards; any solar easements must be privately enforced.Mapleton, UT -
London Grove Township, PA, Township Code
2017by: Township of London GroveThis ordinance permits accessory rooftop and freestanding solar energy systems by right in all zoning districts.London Grove township, PA -
Lewes, DE, Municipal Code
2014by: City of Lewes, DEThe city's historic district requirements support the installation of solar panels on structures within the district.Lewes, DE -
Meriden, CT, Municipal Code
2016by: City of Meriden, CTThe city's zoning code provides supplementary regulations for solar devices, and the city offers tax incentives for solar energy system installation.Meriden, CT -
McCall, ID, City Code
2017by: City of McCall, IDThe city's zoning code incentivizes solar use in PUDs with a 10% density bonus; its subdivision ordinance recommends solar street orientation.McCall, ID -
Mitchell, SD, City Code
2017by:The city's zoning code permits ground- and roof-mounted solar energy systems in all districts with a building permit.Mitchell, SD -
Pleasant Garden, NC, Development Ordinance
2016The town's development code permits accessory solar energy systems; its zoning code protects scenic roads through scenic corridor overlay districts.Pleasant Garden, NC -
Dover, NH, City Code
2016by: City of Dover, NHThe city's zoning regulations protect views from scenic roads and encourage rooftop solar panels in the central business district.Dover, NH -
Moraga, CA, Design Guidelines
January 2010The town's design guidelines focus on maintaining its semi-rural character, preserving scenic corridors, and encourages solar energy use.Moraga, CA -
Williston and Williams County, ND, Comprehensive Plan
Adopted March 2017The city's comprehensive plan briefly addresses solar in its Environmental Preservation goals and objectives.Williston, ND -
Rowlett, TX, Code of Ordinances
Updated March 2018The city's subdivision and land development code prohibits homeowners associations from prohibiting or unreasonably restricting the use of solar or wind energy systems through CC&Rs.Rowlett, TX -
San Bruno, CA, Municipal Code
Updated April 2018The city's zoning code permits solar energy systems that comply with regulations, and includes a solar access provision in its public nuisance ordinance.San Bruno, CA -
Royal Oak, MI, Municipal Code
Updated March 2018The city's zoning code permits accessory solar energy systems in all districts subject to standards, and allows commercial solar energy systems as a special land use in the general industrial district.Royal Oak, MI -
Guide to Solar Energy Permits
Updated May 2012This guide provides an overview of city permit requirements for residential solar hot water and PV systems.Sacramento, CA -
Sahuarita, AZ, Town Code
Updated April 2018The town code includes some solar site protections and requires mitigation of solar equipment's visual impacts.Sahuarita, AZ -
Salida, CO, Municipal Code
Updated March 2018The city's land use code encourages solar orientation and solar access protections in single-family subdivisions.Salida, CO -
Salisbury, MA, Town Bylaws
Updated October 2017The town's zoning bylaw promotes the creation of large-scale solar PV installations by providing standards for their installation.Salisbury town, MA -
San Carlos, CA, Municipal Code
Updated January 2018The city's subdivision regulations address solar design requirements, and the zoning code offers a bonus FAR incentive for solar panels and other green building measures in mixed use districts.San Carlos, CA -
Ventura, CA, 2005 General Plan
Adopted August 2005The Natural Resources and Planning and Design chapters of this general plan include policies and action items that address solar.San Buenaventura (Ventura), CA -
San Luis Obispo, CA, General Plan
Updated May 2015The Conservation and Open Space chapter of the city's general plan promotes solar energy use through several goals, policies, and requirements.San Luis Obispo, CA -
San Gabriel, CA, Municipal Code
Updated December 2017The city's building regulations provide installation standards for solar energy collectors, and the zoning regulations support passive solar design opportunities.San Gabriel, CA -
San Miguel County, CO, Land Use Code
Updated May 2016The county's land use code includes design standards and requirements for solar energy in several districts.San Miguel County, CO -
Santa Barbara, CA, Climate Action Plan
Adopted September 2012The city's climate action plan calls for solar energy system installations and adoption of a solar access ordinance and solar design guidelines.Santa Barbara, CA -
Sammamish, WA, Comprehensive Plan
Adopted October 2015The city's comprehensive plan includes policy recommendations that support solar energy use.Sammamish, WA -
Olde Schaumburg Centre Design Guidelines
August 2005This design manual specifies that solar roof panels should be installed along rear rooflines to minimize visual impacts.Schaumburg, IL -
St. Lucie County, FL, Land Development Code
Updated May 2018The county permits solar energy systems as accessory uses in all districts and allows primary-use solar generation stations as conditional uses in agricultural and utility districts; standards are provided. The county’s zoning code includes a mapped mandatory form-based overlay zone. -
Sheridan, OR, Municipal Code
Updated July 2018The city's development code establishes solar energy collectors and systems as permitted uses in all zones and provides protections from shading of systems by rooftop appurtenances. -
Sherwood, OR, Code of Ordinances
Updated June 2018The city's zoning code promotes solar access and protections for buildings and sites, and establishes special height limitations for solar energy system equipment in certain districts. -
South San Francisco, CA, Municipal Code
Updated October 2018The city's zoning ordinance exempts solar panels from height limits; increases in building height within residential and downtown districts must not interfere with solar access to adjacent residences. -
South Berwick, ME, Town Code
Updated October 2017These subdivision regulations address solar considerations the section on general requirements. -
Silverthorne, CO, Town Code
Updated March 2018In the town's community development code, landscaping plans may not interfere with neighboring property owners' solar access rights. -
Beverly Hills, CA, Solar Photovoltaic Installation Guideline
Adopted September 2010This guide provides safety requirements for the installation of photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. -
Boulder County, CO, Environmental Sustainability Plan
Updated August 2018This functional plan supports expanding solar use on all county buildings and describes the county's existing solar energy installations.
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